The first Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars. The Austrian government made the official decision to go to war with France on 8 February, 1809. of military hist., 1970: p. 755 (1809, May 21-22, Battle of Aspern-Essling), (Aspern-Essling (Napoleonic Empire Wars)), http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85008700, Napoleonic Wars, 1800-1815--Campaigns--Austria, Aspern-Essling, Battle of (Austria : 1809). Far to the west, in Styria around Graz, Ignaz Gyulai continued until June 29 to maneuver against Marmont, who had taken the offensive against the Austrians in Croatia and had been at Laibach (Ljubljana) by June 3. By the beginning of July 1809 Napoleon had assembled approximately 180,000 men and 488 cannons on the isle of Löbau and in its environs on the right bank of the Danube east of Vienna. Of the expedition’s 4,044 dead, only 106 had been lost in action. A week after Aspern-Essling, a force under Tirolese patriot Andreas Hofer retook Innsbruck and remained in the field for six more months. When Napoleon finally offered part of Galicia and an assurance on Poland to Alexander, the latter on September 1 told the Austrians that he was not prepared to support them in continuing the war. This reverse, the Battle of Aspern-Essling, not only compromised Napoleon’s immediate military situation, but lessened his standing in the eyes of Europe. After the Austrian army withdrew to the other side of the swamps, prince Józef Poniatowski ordered his forces to withdraw towards Warsaw. The Innviertel and the province of Salzburg had to be ceded to Bavaria, while part of Croatia, Fiume, Istria, and Trieste, most of Carinthia, and Carniola went to Napoleon. The French entered Vienna on May 12, but found the bridges broken and Charles’s army massed on the left bank of the swollen Danube. Alexander could countenance the transfer of much of Galicia to the duchy of Warsaw but not any arrangement prejudicial to Russia’s position in Poland. Afterwards, Poniatowski was presented with the grand-aigle de la Légion d'honneur, a saber of honor, and a lancer's shako. On July 12, after a last engagement at Znaim (Znojmo), Napoleon was willing to grant an armistice. Austrian attempts to outflank the Polish position near Jaworowo were unsuccessful. of battles, 1715-1815: p. 301 (Aspern-Essling (suburb of Vienna, Austria) 21-2, May, 1809) The Archduke Ferdinand had crossed the Pilica on April 17 and reached Warsaw on April 23. In April 1809 the Russian emperor Alexander resumed his war with the Turks. Finally, Poniatowski left only a small force near Warsaw to prevent the Austrians from leaving it and moved the rest of his forces southwards, which led to capturing the city of Kraków. The war party in Austria drew fresh strength from the deterioration of the Franco-Russian entente, so that the peace negotiations, which opened in the middle of August, proceeded slowly. Though the new infantry uniform regulations introduced the double-peaked shako in 1806, many regiments continued to wear the old helmet through 1809. Its incompetent commander, the 2nd earl of Chatham (John Pitt), instead of marching directly on Antwerp, which might have fallen, wasted precious time on Walcheren Island before Flushing, which he occupied on August 16. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85008700#concept, (Aspern-Essling, Battle of, Napoleon's first serious personal defeat, fought on May 21-22, 1809), p. 301 (Aspern-Essling (suburb of Vienna, Austria) 21-2, May, 1809). Both he and Napoleon saw how damaging to Franco-Polish relations it would be if Napoleon complied with this request. After the village of Falenty was captured at 16.00 Poniatowski launched a counterattack which evicted the Austrians from the town and re-established the Polish line. To come to grips with the Austrians, Napoleon decided to attempt a crossing a little below Vienna, where islands split the river into smaller channels. Battle of Aspern-Essling Overview: Occupying Vienna on May 10, 1809, Napoleon paused only briefly as he wished to destroy the Austrian army led by Archduke Charles. After a fierce engagement at Ebelsberg (May 3, 1809) Hiller reached the Danube and the archduke’s army. Ferdinand, returning southward, thus made good his escape. On July 6, however, he was forced to retreat. After more French forces had crossed they were repulsed on May 22 with at least 20,000 casualties, the Austrians losing 23,000. In the following weeks Greater Poland was defended by the Corps of General Henryk Dąbrowski and the Polish cavalry seized Lwów. In this Battle of Wagram the Austrians had given a good account of themselves, while the performance of the French reflected the inferiority of their army to the veteran force that Napoleon had wasted since 1805. On 14 October 1809 the Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between Austria and France. The first Battle of Raszyn was fought on 19 April 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and the Duchy of Warsaw under Józef Antoni Poniatowski, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars. On July 28 an expedition of 39,200 men, the largest that had ever been sent to the Continent, sailed for the Schelde estuary, supported by a fleet of 35 ships of the line, 23 frigates, and 350 transports. In any case Alexander’s conduct since the outbreak of war in April had already shown that Tilsit and Erfurt were to be regarded as establishing a truce rather than an alliance between France and Russia. On the left bank Charles had about 136,000 men and 414 guns. With his forces still too widely dispersed, the archduke withdrew before Eugène across Carinthia and Styria into Hungary and arrived at Körmend on the upper Raab river on June 1. An instructive illustration by Myrbach (a hundred years later) of an 1809 Austrian battalion charging the village of Aspern in battalionmasse formation. Poniatowski retired to the right bank of the Vistula until the Russians should come up. The encyc. The territories annexed by the Duchy of Warsaw included the lands of Zamość and Kraków as well as 50% of income of the Wieliczka salt mines. Austria had also to pay an indemnity of 85,000,000 francs and to reduce the army to 150,000 men. The battlefield's terrain is dominated by several villages and by the river Utrata, which during the April thaw is usually unfordable. Ferdinand next advanced down the left bank but could not cross at Płock or at Toruń. To the south Lefebvre advanced via Munich to the Salzach and Tirol. John crossed the Danube next day and reached Bratislava on June 23, where he rejoined the Archduke Charles several hours too late to take part in the Battle of Wagram. Would you like to suggest a change to this heading? Francis of Austria thus lost 3,500,000 subjects and all his coastal possessions. After a number of diversions along the river, the French army began its passage, below Essling, at 9:00 pm on July 4. West Galicia (the Polish territory acquired by Austria in 1795, with Cracow and Lublin) passed to the duchy of Warsaw, and in the east the Tarnopol area was assigned to Russia.
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