By using our Services or clicking I agree, you agree to our use of cookies. A transformational approach to English syntax: Root, structure-preserving, and local transformations. 'one') is understood. The first three sentences are examples of subject control, since the subject of the control verb is also the understood subject of the subordinate verb. The null pronoun PRO is an element that impacts a sentence in a similar manner to how a normal pronoun impacts a sentence, but the null pronoun is inaudible. However, the idiomatic reading is not retained with eager. **lin⋅guis⋅tics**: the scientific study of human *language* Here too the diagnostic tells us that likely is a raising predicate and eager is a control predicate. The distinction becomes apparent when one considers that a control predicate like ask requires its object to be an animate entity, whereas a raising-to-object predicate like expects places no semantic limitations on its object dependent. Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1, 163-214. van Riemsdijk, H. and E. Williams. In contrast, the arguments of many verbs can be controlled even when a superordinate control verb is absent, e.g. So sometimes the diagnostics on their own might not be enough! Keyword: Syntax, Raising, Control, Principle and Parameters, MTC. The constituency trees shown here are similar to those that were widely produced in the 1970s, e.g. Control by Predicate Raising* Masatoshi Koizumi Tohoku University Abstract With the abandonment of the Projection Principle and the θ-Criterion, a number of interesting is - Most if not all languages have control constructions and these constructions tend to occur frequently. Compare the following pairs of sentences: The a-sentences contain auxiliary verbs that do not select the subject argument. Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar. For example, if you were to have a sentence like "Everyone needs to take a vacation". �8�]�0M��],��O9x See for instance van Riemsdijk and Williams (1986:128ff. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Borsley, R. 1996. * how is it produced? Raising predicates, in contrast, do not semantically select (at least) one of their dependents. Davies, William D., and Stanley Dubinsky. In linguistics, control is a construction in which the understood subject of a given predicate is determined by some expression in context. Guide to transformational grammar: History, theory, and practice. The dependency trees here are similar to those that are produced by Osborne and Groß (2012). �N^�b��`D0�F�E�6#�lD�64�Ɉ�!��FN9B`q��ʠ�Y��Oє��9.�+͉����ƩD��}�w�I}\}�@�4 ), Cowper (1992:157ff. 1976. In one sense, control is obligatory in these sentences because the arguments of the present participles singing, understanding, and holding are clearly controlled by the matrix subjects. Syntax: A generative introduction, 2nd edition. In other words, the embedded predicate is semantically selecting the argument of the matrix predicate. The different predicate types can be identified using expletive there. Theoretical linguistics posits the existence of the null pronoun PRO as the theoretical basis for the analysis of control structures. !8Q���d�][4ښdBox�+�b윯�v������w��� H�>�le�m1][��)h6\nv�v}��v�p�z@9�pD�%�\�aэ���"�����Xc���nQ�^D)ǏJ7rː&�EKi���X�s0�v�D�����A�h滠um�5�!m�Q[��4��߃vg�x����}>���o�6�mx��qB�4@e@�8����(0k��u��U�ms��Qu�����H��|�Gu8�����*�b��. ), Cowper (1992:161ff. Introduction to government and binding theory, 2nd edition. subjects of sentential idioms (known as subject idiom chunks), and * how is meaning constructed? �F3(��e�*����X�3�����&vY��-���5A�s+Nn�_�J;��r[���j��J��n'�����9: (11) a. John tried to leave. Malden, MA: Blackwell. There is threatening to be worse weather every day. [raising … 2 Control Predicates Not all predicates that take infinitival complements are Raising predicates. [3] In this regard, they are very different from auxiliary verbs, which lack semantic content and do not semantically select arguments. The tests for raising and control then, mostly have to do with the thematic properties of the main clause’s predicate. The point is that while control verbs may have the same outward appearance as auxiliary verbs, the two verb types are quite different. ), Haegeman (1994:257ff. In a sense, the controller assigns its index to PRO, which identifies the argument that is understood as the subject of the subordinate predicate. /Filter /FlateDecode Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the successfulness of the traditional tests used to distinguish between Raising and Control predicates. New York: Academic Press. Thank you for any help at all. [11] Idiomatic expressions retain their meaning in a raising construction, but they lose it when they are arguments of a control verb. c. The control module exists. Arguments of the control predicate, on the other hand, have to fulfill their semantic requirements, and interpreted as the argument of the predicate compositionally. I just want to figure out how to do this in general. 1986. (12) a. Raising predicates, in contrast, do not semantically select (at least) one of their dependents. * what form does it take? [6] The null PRO is added to the predicate, where it occupies the position that one would typically associate with an overt subject (if one were present). Two classic diagnostics are the behavior of idioms and weather predicates. !����;/��݃���GYH��Y]��(�$��uq��]�d�ĥ; 82&)�l��/G�Zw_�i`��B�YL��P:��Fj`Q��,�غo�F������,�����.��Tsvx����G�� HR In another sense, however, control is non-obligatory (or optional) because there is no control predicate present that necessitates that control occur. (4) The standard view of control a. Each time the control verb is on the left, and the verb whose arguments are controlled is on the right. PRO exists, and it is distinct from NP-trace. Compare the following a- and b-sentences: I appreciate it! Compare the following a- and b-sentences: The control predicates ask and force semantically select their object arguments, whereas the raising-to-object verbs do not. The contrast is evident with the so-called raising-to-object verbs (=ECM-verbs) such as believe, expect, want, and prove. c. Samir is anxious to leave. b. It seems/*wants to be harder to do this than that. Bach, E. 1974. One distinctive feature of raising predicates is that they allow the raising of expletives, whereas control predicates cannot embed predicates whose controllee would be an expletive. A concise introduction to syntactic theory: The government-binding approach, The grammar of raising and control: A course in syntactic argumentation, The grammar of English predicate complement constructions, List of English control verbs at Wiktionary, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_(linguistics)&oldid=942631509, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Control must be distinguished from raising, though the two can be outwardly similar. In the current context, the trees are intended merely to suggest by way of illustration how control and PRO are conceived of. Culicover, P. 1982. This page was last edited on 25 February 2020, at 21:24. The cat intended to kill the mouse != The mouse intended to be killed by the cat. Press J to jump to the feed. This test works for object control and ECM too. In such cases, control is said to be "arbitrary". Concerning the difference between control and raising, see Bach (1974:149), Culicover (1997:102), Carnie (2007:403ff.). The details of this tree are, again, not so important. The second three examples are instances of object control, because the object of the control verb is understood as the subject of the subordinate verb. Both are permitted in raising constructions and disallowed in control constructions. A (constituency-based) X-bar theoretic tree that is consistent with the standard GB-type analysis is given next:[8]. See Carnie (2007), Davies & Dubinsky (2008). See for instance Grinder and Elgin (1973:142-143), Bach (1973:151), McCawley (1988:121), Borsley (1996:127), Culicover (1997:102), Saito (1999:8-9). Many syntax books discuss the way idioms are used to diagnose control and raising constructions. Modern phrase structure grammar. It seems [to rain]. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast, More posts from the linguistics community. Can anyone please give me a few examples without using the verbs "seem" or "want"? I've been going through my notes and looking through Wikipedia and other university lecture slides to figure this out, but I don't really understand how to determine whether a verb in a sentence is one over the other. We can say It's likely to rain but we can't say *It's eager to rain. 1. Consider the following: The adjectives likely and eager both take infinitive complements, as in John is likely to read and John is eager to read. H��WYs�6�3�N�-n�V�f�֚Ƀ���%�"�����w�/Y���L;�1! [4] General contextual factors are determining which expression is understood as the controller. The indices are a common means of identifying PRO and with its antecedent in the control predicate, and the orange arrows indicate further the control relation. Two classic diagnostics are the behavior of idioms and weather predicates. ), Culicover (1997:75-77), Carnie (2007:395ff.). Two classic diagnostics are the behavior of idioms and weather predicates. Control was intensively studied in the government and binding framework in the 1980s, and much of the terminology from that era is still used today. Syntax, 2nd edition. Needs would be the verb to consider since it is followed by the infinitival to, but I'm not sure how to go about figuring out which of the two types it is. Control must be distinguished from raising, though the two can be outwardly similar. The control predicates cannot take expletive there because there does not fulfill the semantic requirements of the control predicates. Now consider weather predicates like It's raining. << The controller is the subject in these sentences because the subject establishes point of view. What is important is that by positing the existence of the null subject PRO, the theoretical analysis of control constructions gains a useful tool that can help uncover important traits of control constructions. Emonds, J. Arbitrary control is discussed for instance by van Riemsdijk and Williams (1986:137f. Control verbs have semantic content; they semantically select their arguments, that is, their appearance strongly influences the nature of the arguments they take. Note: (4) is an extremely minimal view of control, compatible with many views of PRO (anaphor, pronoun, A-bar variable) and of the control module (predication, lexical �`��]PA�n�ؖ&��.�s�-#�3��t��� (zg�BH���q�,F�-����i����_�o��%��{{�-�H�>MI�ԏ�$4N���g��;�zW��?�����ڛ���nf������4IMb ��$�v4�\2�\&D�䮌//����&�'�ߢ���p6.cx��? *There tried to be a cat in the garden. McCawley, T. 1988. That is, when control verbs appear, they inherently determine which of their arguments controls the embedded predicate. What this means is that while a raising-to-object verb takes an object dependent, that dependent is not a semantic argument of that raising verb. This means something like the secret has been revealed. The following trees illustrate PRO in both constituency-based structures of phrase structure grammars and dependency-based structures of dependency grammars:[7]. Carnie, A. HWձ\�C���ʏ�A�|fE�%�uS)�`��S� ��-XQ� K}a0�bUd@��g�O�m۰���@��Y� ��=��q���ip1�.یn*Ti�A�~���}[�P� �2�0a��t�m~�"����(! 1973. The explanation for this fact is that raising predicates do not semantically select their arguments, and therefore their arguments are not interpreted compositionally, as the subject or object of the raising predicate. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Thus, we can ask if that thematic interpretation arises due to raising or control. ), Cowper 1992:162), Culicover (1997:75-76), Carnie (207:285ff.).
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