Rather, the Kohala dike complex guides it northwest or southeast, down the axis of the rift zones, just like the surface water. A research team led by University of Hawaii's Gary McMurtry and Dave Tappin of the British Geological Survey found that the fossils had been deposited by a massive tsunami, 61 m (200 ft) above the current sea level. Character Analysis of Kohala: Persons with the name Kohala, are the mediators, peacemakers and the helpers of the world. The time intervals separating the two periods of volcanic evolution were extremely brief, something first noted in 1988.
Due to its topography as essentially a flat crater floor surrounded by cones and fault scarps, the main caldera is affected relatively little by erosion from water. North of Kohala's summit the volcano's northwest-southeast trending rift zone separates rainfall into two streams, going southeast, into Waipiʻo Valley, or northwest, into Honokane Nui Valley.
Kohala is the name of the northwest portion of the island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Archipelago. In modern times it is divided into two districts of Hawaii County: North Kohala and South Kohala. [3], In addition to being a primary factor in the development of the largest valleys, the dike complex plays another important role —that of creating and maintaining the water table. The separation between the two layers is not clear; the lowest layers may actually be in the Pololu section, based on their depositional patterns and low phosphorus content. "[26] The land around Kohala is administered as two districts, North Kohala and South Kohala, of the County of Hawaiʻi. The oldest lava flows that are still exposed at the surface are just under 780,000 years old. Wizard Productions Inc. "Kohala Coast vacation on the Big Island of Hawaii", U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kohala Summit, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kohala,_Hawaii&oldid=977820519, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Kohala is the oldest of five volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii. Other habitats include rain forest and mesophytic (wet) forests. The foliage of the trees breaks the force of rain and prevents the impact of soil by raindrops. In 1975 the company finally closed down. [19] These large cloud forests dominate its slopes. Instead, the rainwater flows down laterally and empties into the back of what have thus become the largest valleys (Waipiʻo and Honokane Nui). [24] It has since come into use by ranches, farms, and homes. The lava samples collected from the eastern site were allegedly found under a Mauna Loa lava flow, which had been previously dated to 187,000 years.
[10], Kohala, like other shield volcanoes, has a shallow surface slope due to the low viscosity of the lava flows that formed it; however, the northwest shoreline boasts some of the highest seacliffs on earth. [8] Potassium-argon dating indicates that the volcano last erupted about 120,000 years ago in the late Pleistocene. In fact, up to a quarter of the plants in the forest are mosses and ferns. The original Kamehameha Statue stands in front of the community center in Kapaʻau, and replicas of the statue are found at Aliʻiōlani Hale in Honolulu, and in Emancipation Hall at the United States Capitol Visitor Center in Washington, D.C. [5], The United States Geological Survey has assessed the extinct Kohala as a low-risk area. Marine geologist Tappin believes that a "future collapse on this volcano, with the potential for mega-tsunami generation, is almost certain. Based on the rate of Kohala's subsidence over the past 475,000 years, it was estimated that the fossils were deposited at a height of about 500 m (1,600 ft), well out of reach of storms and far above the normal sea level at the time. [1] Geologists estimate that the volcano was once about twice its current size. The remaining valleys derive all their water from the lower northeastern slopes of the volcano, and as a result are smaller. [1][4] However, based on a sharp increase of incline on the submarine slope of the volcano at a depth of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), scientists estimate that in its prime the portion of Kohala that was above the water was more than 50 km (31 mi) wide. Kohala has two small airports. Kohala is the oldest of five volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii. Kohala's bogs are characterized by sedges, mosses of the genus Sphagnum, and oha wai, native members of the bellflower family. "[15], Before humans arrived, the wildlife population at Kohala and on the rest of the island was isolated from other species, as it was separated from the nearest major landmass by over 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of open water. [1] There are also several other unique features found on the volcano, all marks made by the decimating collapse. The groundwater is confined to a flow along the dike until it finds a means to escape. The dikes act as impermeable vertical walls through which groundwater cannot flow. In addition, Kohala is buffeted by strong winds, which are directly correlated to soil erosion; ancient farmers utilized a series of earthen embarkments and stone walls to protect their crops. [2], The area was named after the dominating geological feature Kohala Mountain,[3] the oldest of Hawaiʻi Island's five major volcanic mountains. A combination of factors makes the rainfall at Kohala variable both from location to location and from year to year.
Character Analysis of Kohala : Persons with the name Kohala, are the mediators, peacemakers and the helpers of the world. The site is within Kohala Historical Sites State Monument. This indicates that the fault lines may have been caused indirectly, possibly due to the sudden release of stress during the event. This precipitation allowed the northeast coast to be developed into sugarcane plantations, including one founded by Rev. King Kamehameha I, the first King of the Kingdom of Hawaii, was born in North Kohala, near Hawi. Upolu Airport is on Upolu Point at the northern tip of the island. The natural habitats in Kohala range across a wide rainfall gradient in a very short distance - from less than 5 inches (130 mm) a year on the coast near Kawaihae to more than 150 inches (3,800 mm) year near the summit of Kohala Mountain, a distance of just 11 miles (18 km). The Kohala lava flows could be as young as 120,000 years although they may be even younger.
The faults were originally regarded to be a direct result of the collapse; however scientists note the fault lines do not go all the way to the coast but are arranged tightly clustered around the caldera. [18], The natural habitats in the Kohala district range across a wide rainfall gradient in a very short distance—from less than 5 in (130 mm) a year on the coast near Kawaihae, to more than 150 in (3,800 mm) a year near the summit of Kohala Mountain, a distance of just 11 mi (18 km). Alien plants and feral animals are among the greatest threats to the local ecology. At the coast are remnants of dry forests, and near the summit lies a cloud forest, a type of rainforest that obtains much of its moisture from "cloud drip" in addition to precipitation. In the early part of the 20th century, this was exploited by building surface irrigational channels designed to capture water at the higher elevations and distribute it to the then-extensive sugarcane industry. Estimates on the water capacity of the forest range from 320 to 1,600 US gal/acre (3,000 to 15,000 L/ha).
[22], In addition to walls, there are a series of stone paths that divided the farmed area into plots of variable size. The volcano is in zone 9 (bottom risk), while the border of the volcano with Mauna Kea is zone 8 (second lowest), as Mauna Kea has not produced lava flows for 4,500 years. [5] The team dated the fossils and nearby volcanic rock at about 120,000 years old. In ancient Hawaii it was often ruled by an independent High Chief called the Aliʻi Nui. Radiometric dating ranged mostly from 450,000 to 320,000 years ago, although several pieces strayed lower; this indicated a period of eruptive history at the time.
The dry western shore is commonly known as the Kohala Coast, which has golf courses and seaside resorts. In the back, deeper in the mountain, all of the valleys have sheer walls well in excess of 1,000 m (3,300 ft). In addition, the two features align to one another more closely then does the ridge to Mauna Kea, of which it was once thought to constitute a part. King Kamehameha I, the first King of the unified Hawaiian Islands, was born near Upolu Point, the northern tip of Kohala.
[3][13] As the dikes forced their way up, they formed fractures and faults parallel to the rift zone.
Decreasing eruptions combined with increasing erosion caused Kohala to slowly weather away and subside into the ocean. [12] The size of the valleys reflects the amount of drainage they have been able to capture; Waipiʻo, the largest, at some point drained Waimanu Valley as well, and the former headwaters of Waimanu are now one of its branches. [15], The mountain is also home to several bogs, which exist as breaks in the cloud forests. Learn a new word every day. This page was last edited on 11 September 2020, at 05:36. The 2,000 successful ancestors that arrived at Kohala evolved into about 8,500 to 12,500 unique species, resulting in a very high ratio of the species present being found nowhere else on Earth. Older lava dated from the toe of the ridge was estimated to be roughly between 1.1 and 1.2 million years old. Mauna Loa, an active volcano, has since repaired its flank. [23] At the peak of its production, the company had 600 employees, 13,000 acres (20 sq mi) of land, and a capacity of 45,000 t (99,000,000 lb) of raw sugar per year. They have the talent and ability to work well with others and are co-operative, courteous and very considerate towards others.
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