decadal) mean was calculated from the monthly series. For the Baltic Sea, the increase in summer SST during the 21st century under medium to high emissions scenarios is projected to be about 2 °C in the southern parts and about 4 °C in the northern parts [xi]. These marine heatwaves have had considerable ecological impacts, including harmful algal blooms, with increased risks to human health, ecosystems and aquaculture [vii]. The trend in sea surface temperature rise during the satellite era (since 1981), for which more comprehensive data are available, has been between around 0.2 °C per decade, in the North Atlantic, and 0.5 °C per decade, in the Black Sea. Just fill out the form below. 2010
Uncertainty in the long-term data sets is assessed as the range of the three data sets (HadISST1, Rayner et al., 2003; ERSSTv5, Huang et al., 2017; and HadSST4, Kennedy et al., 2019), including the estimated uncertainty range from HadSST4. The OSTIA real-time updates include some lakes not considered in the SST CCI Analysis and other data sets. 2015 This rise is projected to continue rapidly, with increasing impacts on ecosystems and land climate. The evaluation also suggests areas where more work needs to be done to prepare vulnerable regions and sectors.
Adaptation means anticipating the adverse effects of climate change and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimise the damage they can cause, or taking advantage of opportunities that may arise. Some of these currents flow on the surface, and they are obvious in sea surface temperature images. Trouble with this form? 2004 2008
Increased temperature may also increase stratification of the water column. SST varies naturally with latitude, being warmest at the equator and coldest in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The figure shows decadal global and regionally averaged sea-surface temperature anomalies relative to a 1981-2010 baseline. East Australian Current Further objectives include 'Promoting adaptation in key vulnerable sectors through climate-proofing EU sector policies' and 'Promoting action by Member States'.
34 (23 August 2016): E5062–71, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609157113. The shaded area in each plot indicates the upper and lower uncertainty range of the long-term evolution of the regional averages based on three global data sets (HadSST.4.0.0.0, ERSSTv5 and HadISST). These maps show satellite measurements of the sea's surface temperature for a given day, or for a span of days.
In September 2016, the European Commission presented an indicative roadmap for the evaluation of the EU adaptation strategy by 2018. Even a small action can make an enormous difference when millions of people do it!
This website has limited functionality with javascript off. Sea surface temperature data are especially useful for identifying the onset of El Niño and La Niña. The EEA is an agency of the European Union, /data-and-maps/figures/ga-downloads/JO89G42W6K/sea-surface-temperature, Fig6.4-102436-Avg-sea-surface-temperature-anomaly.eps.75dpi.gif, Fig6.4-102436-Avg-sea-surface-temperature-anomaly.eps.75dpi.tif, Fig6.4-102436-Avg-sea-surface-temperature-anomaly.eps.75dpi.png, HadISST - Global sea ice and Sea Surface Temperature analyses. The trends, although not necessarily the absolute SST levels, are consistent between the historical long-term data sets and the higher-resolution satellite-era data sets.
In November 2013, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted the EU's Seventh Environment Action Programme (7th EAP) to 2020, ‘Living well, within the limits of our planet’. Sea surface temperature, 20 Nov 2012 -
One of the most visible physical ramifications of increased temperature in the ocean is a reduction in the area of sea ice coverage in the Arctic polar region. Huang et al. from version 20.10.7, Software version:
Look for ‘Analyze this image’ and click on that link to add to your analysis queue. 4 (April 2019): 306–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1. The strategy aims to make Europe more climate-resilient. The OISST analysis has a spatial grid resolution of 0.25 degree and temporal resolution of 1 day, spanning from September 1981 to present. Kennedy et al. All European seas have warmed considerably since 1870. Sea ice concentration fields from different sources were analysed to make them as consistent as possible through time. from version 20.10.7, Software version: 2006 2007 More recently, these manual measurements have been complemented by satellite-based observations that have a high resolution in terms of time and a wide geographical coverage, as well as by measurements from drifting buoys and Argo floats that automatically measure temperature and salinity below the ocean surface.
While there are plenty of mean sea surface temperature reconstructions for geological time periods, I could not find data on present-day temperatures. Sea ice concentration fields from different sources were analysed to make them as consistent as possible through time. SST is an important physical characteristic of the oceans.
[i] J. J. Kennedy et al., ‘An Ensemble Data Set of Sea Surface Temperature Change From 1850: The Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 Data Set’,Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. Sea surface temperature, 18 Mar 2014 - For example, marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea may have amplified heatwaves and heavy precipitation events over central Europe as well as triggered intense extratropical cyclones over the Mediterranean Sea [ix].
2005 [xii] IPCC,Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. If you have forgotten your password, Increasing resolution of sea surface temperature data causes artificial decadal variability of storm track .
Currents like giant rivers move warm and cold water around the world's oceans. Most EU Member States have already adopted national adaptation strategies and many also have prepared action plans on climate change adaptation. A monthly time series was calculated for each of the seas and regions. All European seas have warmed considerably since 1870; the warming has been particularly rapid since the late 1970s.
Please make sure javascript is enabled in your browser. IPCC, 2019: Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, EU strategy on adaptation to climate change, indicative roadmap for the evaluation of the EU adaptation strategy, EU's Seventh Environment Action Programme, Climate-ADAPT: Adaptation in EU policy sectors, Evaluation of the EU Adaptation Strategy Package. 2003 The EEA is an agency of the European Union.
Regional area averages were calculated by a weighted average of grid cell values where the weights were equal to the area of ocean in that grid cell (determined using the SST CCI analysis land mask).
The multi-decadal rate of SST rise during the satellite era (difference in decadal averages 1982-1991 to 2009-2018) has been between around 0.2 °C per decade in the North Atlantic and around 0.5 °C per decade in the Black Sea. [ii] N. A. Rayner, ‘Global Analyses of Sea Surface Temperature, Sea Ice, and Night Marine Air Temperature since the Late Nineteenth Century’,Journal of Geophysical Research 108, no. Figure 1 shows the SST development for the five European regional seas (coloured), in comparison to global SST (in black). [vi] Eric C. J. Oliver et al., ‘Longer and More Frequent Marine Heatwaves over the Past Century’,Nature Communications 9, no. EEA Plone KGS 20.10.13.
[ix] M. Collins et al., ‘Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks’, inIPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, ed. Submit your comment here. 2016
The figure shows decadal global and regionally averaged sea-surface temperature anomalies relative to a 1981-2010 baseline.
There is a small, geographically varying offset between the OSTIA and SST CCI Analysis data sets. The overall aim of the EU adaptation strategy is to contribute to a more climate-resilient Europe. Imagery processed by the NASA Earth Observations (NEO) team in collaboration with Gene Feldman and Norman Kuring, NASA OceanColor Group. Quantitative SST projections are available only for some regional seas in Europe.
For the Black Sea, consistent measurements begin in the 1950s, since which time it has clearly warmed.
[iv] Christopher J. The evaluation package comprises a Report on the implementation of the EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change (COM(2018)738), the Evaluation of the EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change (SWD(2018)461), and the Adaptation preparedness scoreboard Country fiches (SWD(2018)460). Decadal average sea surface temperature anomaly in different European seas.
For example, every 3 to 7 years a wide swath of the Pacific Ocean along the equator warms by 2 to 3 degrees Celsius. Owing to the thermal inertia of the ocean, global mean SST is projected to increase about 30 % slower than global mean surface temperature [x].
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