Soc. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639.s001. 1991. Callcott, A. M. A., Porter, S. D., Weeks, R. D., Graham, L. C., Johnson, J. W., Gilbert, L. E., 2010. Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, United States of America. Development of Pseudacteon cultellatus (Diptera: Phoridae) on Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639.s005. Evidence from simple arboreal pitfall traps. Foraging ecology and patterns of diversification in dipteran parasitoids of fire ants in South Brazil.
Morrison, L. W., and L. E. Gilbert.
Andy Zink, Neil Tsutsui, Gene Robinson, Giar-Ann Kung and three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Are phorids involved in transmission of pathogens between the non-native honey bees and native bees? 13:751-756. The honey bee Apis mellifera has experienced recent unexplained die-offs around the world [1]. Detection of DWV and N. ceranae in adult A. borealis raises a number of questions. Naturwissenschaften 84:507-510. Ecology 90:1184-1194. (2009) A Review of Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae) That Parasitize Ants of the Solenopsis geminata Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In order to assess parasitism rates, bees from all samples were brought into the laboratory and confined at room temperature (19–20°C) in individual glassine envelopes or Drosophila rearing containers from April 2009 to November 2010. 66:257-267. S3B), giving flies the potential to multiply rapidly. 2005. Feener, D. H., M. R. Orr, K. Wackford, J. Longo, W. W. Benson, and L. E. Gilbert. 93:841-849. Understanding details of phorid infection may shed light on similar hive abandonment behaviors seen in CCD. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement 25:7-17. Pheromone communication in social insects ants, wasps, bees, and termites. Brown, B. V., P. Folgarait, and L. Gilbert. 1999b. ; 95:1151-1158. They have diverse life histories and include species that are herbivores, fungivores, scavengers, and parasitoids. Using DNA barcoding, we confirmed that the phorids that emerged from Apis and Bombus had no more than 0.2% (1 bp) divergence among samples (Figures S1, S2).
Pages 634-650. in M. S. Hoddle, editor. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. 92:198-207. Phorid flies are known to parasitize ants. So far, attention has focused on emerging pathogens such as Crithidia bombi and Nosema bombi. Phorid flies for the biological suppression of imported fire ant in Texas: Region specific challenges, recent advances and future prospects. A detailed study of a larger sample of hives is needed to measure effects of various densities of phorid parasitism on hive health. While our emergence data indicated relatively low infection rates by the fly, our APM data suggest infection rates that are considerably higher.
Our data clearly show that phorid-parasitized bees demonstrate the unusual behavior of abandoning their hives at night.
2005. Associations of fire ant phorids and microhabitats. Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and associated mating behavior in Argentina. This study provides a clear example of modifications to the expression of a key gene in a host and supports the extended phenotype theory proposed by Richard Dawkins [24], [25]. Texas Rice, AgriLife Research, Vol X(5) 3-6. Journal of Insect Science 9:available online. Mehdiabadi, N. J., E. A. Kawazoe, and L. E. Gilbert. In this regard, array samples collected between April 23 and June 18, 2010 from various locations on campus (Table S2) detected phorids in 10 of 31 bees (32%) versus only 17 of 244 (7%) detected by our emergence assays (Fishers Exact Test p<0.0002). Kronforst, M. R., P. J. Folgarait, R. J. W. Patrock, and L. E. Gilbert. Such high host density might lead to population explosions of the fly and major impacts on the hives they parasitize. Mechanisms of interspecific competition between an invasive and two native fire ant species. Patrock R.J.W., Porter S.D., Gilbert L.E., Folgarait P.J.
Brown, B. V., and L. W. Morrison. Florida Entomologist 82:404-409.
Patterns of host specificity in Pseudacteon parasitoid flies (Diptera, Phoridae) that attack Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). (2012) A New Threat to Honey Bees, the Parasitic Phorid Fly Apocephalus borealis.
Vargo, E. L. 1999. While the United States is the only country for which CCD sensu stricto has been documented, there also has been an increase in unexplained colony losses for some regions of Europe and other parts of the world [1]–[4]. Entomol. All microarray spots that indicated the presence of pathogens were further confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing with primers Nosema ceranae F-4186 (5′-CGGATAAAAGAGTCCGTTACC) and R-4435 (5′-TGAGCAGGGTTCTAGGGAT) [49] and DWV-F-1165 (5′-CTTACTCTGCCGTCGCCCA) -R-1338 (5′-CCGTTAGGAACTCATTATCGCG) [50]. Phorid flies often appear around dead animals, such as … Am. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 77:335. Here, five pooled workers each were screened by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the phorid 18S rRNA gene. Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants. Biogeography and macroecology of phorid flies that attack fire ants in south-eastern Brazil and Argentina. LeBrun E.G., Plowes R.M., Gilbert L.E. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82:307-313. Ecology 71:2095-2106.
95:257-266.
13:751-756. ilbert, L. E., and L. W. Morrison. Folgarait, P. J., R. J. W. Patrock, and L. E. Gilbert. The slight variation we found was among those phorids reared from honey bees, not between flies reared from honey bees and those reared from bumble bees. Advances and challenges in biocontrol efforts against fire ants in Texas. Reproductive development and ontogeny of queen pheromone production in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. We found no significant difference between these groups (Fishers Exact Test p = 0.32).
Ecological Entomology 29:621-627. Female flies pursued a bee, landed on its abdomen and inserted their ovipositors into it for two to four seconds (Figure 2A, 2B). Affiliation San Francisco State University Hensill Hall study site. 2004. Observation of dead bees over as little time as five days should detect phorid presence. Simulating the impact of fire ant parasitoids Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 64:13-22. Funding: United States National Science Foundation grant DEB-1025922 supported BB. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Their model also predicts that significant loss of foragers leads to hive bees moving into the foraging population at younger ages than normal accelerating colony failure. We used DNA barcoding to confirm that the morphologically similar phorids from bumble bees and honey bees were conspecific (Figure S1). Phorid parasitism declined from February through spring 2010 before climbing in May and peaking again in autumn 2010 (Figure 3A and Figure S5).
The red imported fire ant is now in Mexico: documentation of its wide distribution along the Texas-Mexico border.
Morrison, L. W., S. D. Porter, and L. E. Gilbert. Further, knowledge of this parasite could help prevent its spread into regions of the world where naïve hosts may be easily susceptible to attack. 2006. e29639. Our main samples consisted of the following: 1) Bees found stranded under lights near the main entrance to Hensill Hall on the San Francisco State University campus (Figure S4A–C). Development of Pseudacteon nocens (Diptera : Phoridae) on Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae).
Here I focus on Pseudacteon species that parasitize Solenopsis fire ants, as this is … Porter, S. D., and D. A. Savignano.
4) In April 2010, we established an observation hive that allowed us to observe in-hive activities and check for presence of phorids within the hive. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639. We observed the same behavior towards honey bees from phorids reared from bumble bees or from honey bees. Sites where A. borealis was previously known [7] are indicated by black dots. 1, p<0.0001).
Although the hosts of most species in the Mesophora group are unknown, previously discovered hosts include a variety of arthropods including bees, wasps, beetles and spiders, but not honey bees [14]. APM design and results have been submitted to GEO (design accession GPL11490 and array data accession GSE28235) and are MIAME compliant. On the relationship between queen number and fecundity in polygyne colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.
Gilbert. Understanding causes of the hive abandonment behavior we document could explain symptoms associated with CCD. Entomol. Florida Entomologist 85:563-566. Larvae and adult phorids also tested positive for these pathogens, implicating the fly as a potential vector or reservoir of these honey bee pathogens.
The fact that we did not find fly adults within hives may indicate that phorids do not survive in large numbers during the late winter when foraging bees are inactive. Geographic variation in resource dominance-discovery in Brazilian ant communities. Eclosion, mating, and grooming behavior of the parasitoid fly Pseudacteon curvatus (Diptera: Phoridae). Is the Subject Area "Honey bees" applicable to this article?
South American Phorids and Fire Ants: Community ecology. Queen control of sex ratio in fire ants. Parasitoids and competitors influence colony-level responses in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. 2006.
Its history is unknown. 1997.
In the case at hand, perhaps A. borealis manipulates the behavior of honey bees by changing a bee's circadian rhythm, its sensitivity to light or other aspects of its physiology. Moreover, hundreds and sometimes thousands of commercial honey bee colonies are often found in close proximity to one another in agricultural areas. Plowes, R. M., and L. E. Gilbert.
establishment in Texas. However, we can't exclude the possibility that some parasitized bees also abandon their hive during normal foraging times and die at some distance from the hive. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Soc. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639.s001. 1991. Callcott, A. M. A., Porter, S. D., Weeks, R. D., Graham, L. C., Johnson, J. W., Gilbert, L. E., 2010. Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, United States of America. Development of Pseudacteon cultellatus (Diptera: Phoridae) on Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639.s005. Evidence from simple arboreal pitfall traps. Foraging ecology and patterns of diversification in dipteran parasitoids of fire ants in South Brazil.
Morrison, L. W., and L. E. Gilbert.
Andy Zink, Neil Tsutsui, Gene Robinson, Giar-Ann Kung and three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Are phorids involved in transmission of pathogens between the non-native honey bees and native bees? 13:751-756. The honey bee Apis mellifera has experienced recent unexplained die-offs around the world [1]. Detection of DWV and N. ceranae in adult A. borealis raises a number of questions. Naturwissenschaften 84:507-510. Ecology 90:1184-1194. (2009) A Review of Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae) That Parasitize Ants of the Solenopsis geminata Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In order to assess parasitism rates, bees from all samples were brought into the laboratory and confined at room temperature (19–20°C) in individual glassine envelopes or Drosophila rearing containers from April 2009 to November 2010. 66:257-267. S3B), giving flies the potential to multiply rapidly. 2005. Feener, D. H., M. R. Orr, K. Wackford, J. Longo, W. W. Benson, and L. E. Gilbert. 93:841-849. Understanding details of phorid infection may shed light on similar hive abandonment behaviors seen in CCD. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement 25:7-17. Pheromone communication in social insects ants, wasps, bees, and termites. Brown, B. V., P. Folgarait, and L. Gilbert. 1999b. ; 95:1151-1158. They have diverse life histories and include species that are herbivores, fungivores, scavengers, and parasitoids. Using DNA barcoding, we confirmed that the phorids that emerged from Apis and Bombus had no more than 0.2% (1 bp) divergence among samples (Figures S1, S2).
Pages 634-650. in M. S. Hoddle, editor. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. 92:198-207. Phorid flies are known to parasitize ants. So far, attention has focused on emerging pathogens such as Crithidia bombi and Nosema bombi. Phorid flies for the biological suppression of imported fire ant in Texas: Region specific challenges, recent advances and future prospects. A detailed study of a larger sample of hives is needed to measure effects of various densities of phorid parasitism on hive health. While our emergence data indicated relatively low infection rates by the fly, our APM data suggest infection rates that are considerably higher.
Our data clearly show that phorid-parasitized bees demonstrate the unusual behavior of abandoning their hives at night.
2005. Associations of fire ant phorids and microhabitats. Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and associated mating behavior in Argentina. This study provides a clear example of modifications to the expression of a key gene in a host and supports the extended phenotype theory proposed by Richard Dawkins [24], [25]. Texas Rice, AgriLife Research, Vol X(5) 3-6. Journal of Insect Science 9:available online. Mehdiabadi, N. J., E. A. Kawazoe, and L. E. Gilbert. In this regard, array samples collected between April 23 and June 18, 2010 from various locations on campus (Table S2) detected phorids in 10 of 31 bees (32%) versus only 17 of 244 (7%) detected by our emergence assays (Fishers Exact Test p<0.0002). Kronforst, M. R., P. J. Folgarait, R. J. W. Patrock, and L. E. Gilbert. Such high host density might lead to population explosions of the fly and major impacts on the hives they parasitize. Mechanisms of interspecific competition between an invasive and two native fire ant species. Patrock R.J.W., Porter S.D., Gilbert L.E., Folgarait P.J.
Brown, B. V., and L. W. Morrison. Florida Entomologist 82:404-409.
Patterns of host specificity in Pseudacteon parasitoid flies (Diptera, Phoridae) that attack Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). (2012) A New Threat to Honey Bees, the Parasitic Phorid Fly Apocephalus borealis.
Vargo, E. L. 1999. While the United States is the only country for which CCD sensu stricto has been documented, there also has been an increase in unexplained colony losses for some regions of Europe and other parts of the world [1]–[4]. Entomol. All microarray spots that indicated the presence of pathogens were further confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing with primers Nosema ceranae F-4186 (5′-CGGATAAAAGAGTCCGTTACC) and R-4435 (5′-TGAGCAGGGTTCTAGGGAT) [49] and DWV-F-1165 (5′-CTTACTCTGCCGTCGCCCA) -R-1338 (5′-CCGTTAGGAACTCATTATCGCG) [50]. Phorid flies often appear around dead animals, such as … Am. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 77:335. Here, five pooled workers each were screened by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the phorid 18S rRNA gene. Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants. Biogeography and macroecology of phorid flies that attack fire ants in south-eastern Brazil and Argentina. LeBrun E.G., Plowes R.M., Gilbert L.E. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82:307-313. Ecology 71:2095-2106.
95:257-266.
13:751-756. ilbert, L. E., and L. W. Morrison. Folgarait, P. J., R. J. W. Patrock, and L. E. Gilbert. The slight variation we found was among those phorids reared from honey bees, not between flies reared from honey bees and those reared from bumble bees. Advances and challenges in biocontrol efforts against fire ants in Texas. Reproductive development and ontogeny of queen pheromone production in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. We found no significant difference between these groups (Fishers Exact Test p = 0.32).
Ecological Entomology 29:621-627. Female flies pursued a bee, landed on its abdomen and inserted their ovipositors into it for two to four seconds (Figure 2A, 2B). Affiliation San Francisco State University Hensill Hall study site. 2004. Observation of dead bees over as little time as five days should detect phorid presence. Simulating the impact of fire ant parasitoids Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 64:13-22. Funding: United States National Science Foundation grant DEB-1025922 supported BB. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Their model also predicts that significant loss of foragers leads to hive bees moving into the foraging population at younger ages than normal accelerating colony failure. We used DNA barcoding to confirm that the morphologically similar phorids from bumble bees and honey bees were conspecific (Figure S1). Phorid parasitism declined from February through spring 2010 before climbing in May and peaking again in autumn 2010 (Figure 3A and Figure S5).
The red imported fire ant is now in Mexico: documentation of its wide distribution along the Texas-Mexico border.
Morrison, L. W., S. D. Porter, and L. E. Gilbert. Further, knowledge of this parasite could help prevent its spread into regions of the world where naïve hosts may be easily susceptible to attack. 2006. e29639. Our main samples consisted of the following: 1) Bees found stranded under lights near the main entrance to Hensill Hall on the San Francisco State University campus (Figure S4A–C). Development of Pseudacteon nocens (Diptera : Phoridae) on Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae).
Here I focus on Pseudacteon species that parasitize Solenopsis fire ants, as this is … Porter, S. D., and D. A. Savignano.
4) In April 2010, we established an observation hive that allowed us to observe in-hive activities and check for presence of phorids within the hive. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639. We observed the same behavior towards honey bees from phorids reared from bumble bees or from honey bees. Sites where A. borealis was previously known [7] are indicated by black dots. 1, p<0.0001).
Although the hosts of most species in the Mesophora group are unknown, previously discovered hosts include a variety of arthropods including bees, wasps, beetles and spiders, but not honey bees [14]. APM design and results have been submitted to GEO (design accession GPL11490 and array data accession GSE28235) and are MIAME compliant. On the relationship between queen number and fecundity in polygyne colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.
Gilbert. Understanding causes of the hive abandonment behavior we document could explain symptoms associated with CCD. Entomol. Florida Entomologist 85:563-566. Larvae and adult phorids also tested positive for these pathogens, implicating the fly as a potential vector or reservoir of these honey bee pathogens.
The fact that we did not find fly adults within hives may indicate that phorids do not survive in large numbers during the late winter when foraging bees are inactive. Geographic variation in resource dominance-discovery in Brazilian ant communities. Eclosion, mating, and grooming behavior of the parasitoid fly Pseudacteon curvatus (Diptera: Phoridae). Is the Subject Area "Honey bees" applicable to this article?
South American Phorids and Fire Ants: Community ecology. Queen control of sex ratio in fire ants. Parasitoids and competitors influence colony-level responses in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. 2006.
Its history is unknown. 1997.
In the case at hand, perhaps A. borealis manipulates the behavior of honey bees by changing a bee's circadian rhythm, its sensitivity to light or other aspects of its physiology. Moreover, hundreds and sometimes thousands of commercial honey bee colonies are often found in close proximity to one another in agricultural areas. Plowes, R. M., and L. E. Gilbert.
establishment in Texas. However, we can't exclude the possibility that some parasitized bees also abandon their hive during normal foraging times and die at some distance from the hive. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Orr, M. R., S. H. Seike, W. W. Benson, and L. E. Gilbert. Wuellner, C. T., C. G. Dall'Aglio-Holvorcem, W. W. Benson, and L. E. Gilbert. From February to November 2010, stranded bees were sampled at two-day intervals (Range = 2–56 bees per sample) (Figure 3A). Biological Invasions 10:989-999. No, Is the Subject Area "Pathogens" applicable to this article? 2007. Such host manipulation has been proposed as an adaptive evolutionary strategy for a number of interactions between a variety of parasites and their hosts [22]. Physiological Entomology 14:223-232.
Soc. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639.s001. 1991. Callcott, A. M. A., Porter, S. D., Weeks, R. D., Graham, L. C., Johnson, J. W., Gilbert, L. E., 2010. Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, United States of America. Development of Pseudacteon cultellatus (Diptera: Phoridae) on Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639.s005. Evidence from simple arboreal pitfall traps. Foraging ecology and patterns of diversification in dipteran parasitoids of fire ants in South Brazil.
Morrison, L. W., and L. E. Gilbert.
Andy Zink, Neil Tsutsui, Gene Robinson, Giar-Ann Kung and three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Are phorids involved in transmission of pathogens between the non-native honey bees and native bees? 13:751-756. The honey bee Apis mellifera has experienced recent unexplained die-offs around the world [1]. Detection of DWV and N. ceranae in adult A. borealis raises a number of questions. Naturwissenschaften 84:507-510. Ecology 90:1184-1194. (2009) A Review of Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae) That Parasitize Ants of the Solenopsis geminata Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In order to assess parasitism rates, bees from all samples were brought into the laboratory and confined at room temperature (19–20°C) in individual glassine envelopes or Drosophila rearing containers from April 2009 to November 2010. 66:257-267. S3B), giving flies the potential to multiply rapidly. 2005. Feener, D. H., M. R. Orr, K. Wackford, J. Longo, W. W. Benson, and L. E. Gilbert. 93:841-849. Understanding details of phorid infection may shed light on similar hive abandonment behaviors seen in CCD. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement 25:7-17. Pheromone communication in social insects ants, wasps, bees, and termites. Brown, B. V., P. Folgarait, and L. Gilbert. 1999b. ; 95:1151-1158. They have diverse life histories and include species that are herbivores, fungivores, scavengers, and parasitoids. Using DNA barcoding, we confirmed that the phorids that emerged from Apis and Bombus had no more than 0.2% (1 bp) divergence among samples (Figures S1, S2).
Pages 634-650. in M. S. Hoddle, editor. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. 92:198-207. Phorid flies are known to parasitize ants. So far, attention has focused on emerging pathogens such as Crithidia bombi and Nosema bombi. Phorid flies for the biological suppression of imported fire ant in Texas: Region specific challenges, recent advances and future prospects. A detailed study of a larger sample of hives is needed to measure effects of various densities of phorid parasitism on hive health. While our emergence data indicated relatively low infection rates by the fly, our APM data suggest infection rates that are considerably higher.
Our data clearly show that phorid-parasitized bees demonstrate the unusual behavior of abandoning their hives at night.
2005. Associations of fire ant phorids and microhabitats. Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and associated mating behavior in Argentina. This study provides a clear example of modifications to the expression of a key gene in a host and supports the extended phenotype theory proposed by Richard Dawkins [24], [25]. Texas Rice, AgriLife Research, Vol X(5) 3-6. Journal of Insect Science 9:available online. Mehdiabadi, N. J., E. A. Kawazoe, and L. E. Gilbert. In this regard, array samples collected between April 23 and June 18, 2010 from various locations on campus (Table S2) detected phorids in 10 of 31 bees (32%) versus only 17 of 244 (7%) detected by our emergence assays (Fishers Exact Test p<0.0002). Kronforst, M. R., P. J. Folgarait, R. J. W. Patrock, and L. E. Gilbert. Such high host density might lead to population explosions of the fly and major impacts on the hives they parasitize. Mechanisms of interspecific competition between an invasive and two native fire ant species. Patrock R.J.W., Porter S.D., Gilbert L.E., Folgarait P.J.
Brown, B. V., and L. W. Morrison. Florida Entomologist 82:404-409.
Patterns of host specificity in Pseudacteon parasitoid flies (Diptera, Phoridae) that attack Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). (2012) A New Threat to Honey Bees, the Parasitic Phorid Fly Apocephalus borealis.
Vargo, E. L. 1999. While the United States is the only country for which CCD sensu stricto has been documented, there also has been an increase in unexplained colony losses for some regions of Europe and other parts of the world [1]–[4]. Entomol. All microarray spots that indicated the presence of pathogens were further confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing with primers Nosema ceranae F-4186 (5′-CGGATAAAAGAGTCCGTTACC) and R-4435 (5′-TGAGCAGGGTTCTAGGGAT) [49] and DWV-F-1165 (5′-CTTACTCTGCCGTCGCCCA) -R-1338 (5′-CCGTTAGGAACTCATTATCGCG) [50]. Phorid flies often appear around dead animals, such as … Am. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 77:335. Here, five pooled workers each were screened by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the phorid 18S rRNA gene. Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants. Biogeography and macroecology of phorid flies that attack fire ants in south-eastern Brazil and Argentina. LeBrun E.G., Plowes R.M., Gilbert L.E. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82:307-313. Ecology 71:2095-2106.
95:257-266.
13:751-756. ilbert, L. E., and L. W. Morrison. Folgarait, P. J., R. J. W. Patrock, and L. E. Gilbert. The slight variation we found was among those phorids reared from honey bees, not between flies reared from honey bees and those reared from bumble bees. Advances and challenges in biocontrol efforts against fire ants in Texas. Reproductive development and ontogeny of queen pheromone production in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. We found no significant difference between these groups (Fishers Exact Test p = 0.32).
Ecological Entomology 29:621-627. Female flies pursued a bee, landed on its abdomen and inserted their ovipositors into it for two to four seconds (Figure 2A, 2B). Affiliation San Francisco State University Hensill Hall study site. 2004. Observation of dead bees over as little time as five days should detect phorid presence. Simulating the impact of fire ant parasitoids Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 64:13-22. Funding: United States National Science Foundation grant DEB-1025922 supported BB. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Their model also predicts that significant loss of foragers leads to hive bees moving into the foraging population at younger ages than normal accelerating colony failure. We used DNA barcoding to confirm that the morphologically similar phorids from bumble bees and honey bees were conspecific (Figure S1). Phorid parasitism declined from February through spring 2010 before climbing in May and peaking again in autumn 2010 (Figure 3A and Figure S5).
The red imported fire ant is now in Mexico: documentation of its wide distribution along the Texas-Mexico border.
Morrison, L. W., S. D. Porter, and L. E. Gilbert. Further, knowledge of this parasite could help prevent its spread into regions of the world where naïve hosts may be easily susceptible to attack. 2006. e29639. Our main samples consisted of the following: 1) Bees found stranded under lights near the main entrance to Hensill Hall on the San Francisco State University campus (Figure S4A–C). Development of Pseudacteon nocens (Diptera : Phoridae) on Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae).
Here I focus on Pseudacteon species that parasitize Solenopsis fire ants, as this is … Porter, S. D., and D. A. Savignano.
4) In April 2010, we established an observation hive that allowed us to observe in-hive activities and check for presence of phorids within the hive. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029639. We observed the same behavior towards honey bees from phorids reared from bumble bees or from honey bees. Sites where A. borealis was previously known [7] are indicated by black dots. 1, p<0.0001).
Although the hosts of most species in the Mesophora group are unknown, previously discovered hosts include a variety of arthropods including bees, wasps, beetles and spiders, but not honey bees [14]. APM design and results have been submitted to GEO (design accession GPL11490 and array data accession GSE28235) and are MIAME compliant. On the relationship between queen number and fecundity in polygyne colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.
Gilbert. Understanding causes of the hive abandonment behavior we document could explain symptoms associated with CCD. Entomol. Florida Entomologist 85:563-566. Larvae and adult phorids also tested positive for these pathogens, implicating the fly as a potential vector or reservoir of these honey bee pathogens.
The fact that we did not find fly adults within hives may indicate that phorids do not survive in large numbers during the late winter when foraging bees are inactive. Geographic variation in resource dominance-discovery in Brazilian ant communities. Eclosion, mating, and grooming behavior of the parasitoid fly Pseudacteon curvatus (Diptera: Phoridae). Is the Subject Area "Honey bees" applicable to this article?
South American Phorids and Fire Ants: Community ecology. Queen control of sex ratio in fire ants. Parasitoids and competitors influence colony-level responses in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. 2006.
Its history is unknown. 1997.
In the case at hand, perhaps A. borealis manipulates the behavior of honey bees by changing a bee's circadian rhythm, its sensitivity to light or other aspects of its physiology. Moreover, hundreds and sometimes thousands of commercial honey bee colonies are often found in close proximity to one another in agricultural areas. Plowes, R. M., and L. E. Gilbert.
establishment in Texas. However, we can't exclude the possibility that some parasitized bees also abandon their hive during normal foraging times and die at some distance from the hive. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
